Many astronomical observations use telescopes as, essentially, spectrographs. Sign In View Cart 0 Help. Citation: D. View SPIE terms of use. Excerpt from. Field Guide to Spectroscopy. Create a free SPIE account to get access to premium articles and original research.
In , German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff used it to identify materials that emit light when heated. A spectroscope transforms light into a spectrum using a prim that can be observed through a small telescope. The positions of the lines reveal the chemical composition of the material in question. In , the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Donati had the idea to combine a spectroscope with his telescope.
He studied the spectra of fifteen stars and published his results in He was soon followed by the American astronomer Lewis Morris Rutherfurd, the Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi, and the amateur British astronomer William Huggins, all of whom worked independently on the Sun, planets, Moon and stars. Rutherfurd and Secchi were the first to classify stars into groups according to their spectral characteristics.
Huggins, on the other hand, analyzed the absorption spectra of several stars with the help of the chemist William Allen Miller, and together they demonstrated that stellar atmospheres contain the same chemical elements found here on Earth. In , Donati was the first to clearly observe the spectrum of a comet Comet b. That same year, Huggins and Miller succeeded in using spectroscopy to demonstrate that nebulas are clouds of gas, not stars.
Douglas Marlow provided proficiency in mechanical design. The first instrument designed was a glass Fery prism instrument, but its performance was not considered suitable. This instrument utilized a tangent-bar mechanism which provided a substantially linear wavelength scale. Unfortunately, the scale was too compressed, particularly in the ultraviolet region, and was replaced by a Model C with its innovative scroll drive, which was used in all subsequent Beckman quartz prism monochromators.
The Caltech instrument was later returned to the company for its museum. Analytical Chemistry , 49 , pp AA Before the Beckman DU, the assay to test for the concentration of Vitamin A in supplements involved:. This method was very slow, involved animal care, and relied on rat tail length to be a measure of Vitamin A intake. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 14 , pp However, the low yield of usable rubber could not meet the needs of the tire supplies to support the war effort.
To ensure quality rubber products, the concentration of butadiene in the source materials needed to be determined. Given the quality of the initial Beckman spectrophotometers, the US Office of Rubber Reserve asked Beckman Instruments to begin construction of IR Spectrophotometers based on the design used by Shell Development Company that could measure the chemical concentration of the source materials just before they were used in the rubber production. By , Beckman Model IR-1s were used at all synthetic rubber factories to analyze constituent materials during manufacture.
In the mids, scientists were struggling to understand the chemical composition of the genetic information that was inherited, what we now know is DNA. Using a Beckman DU, Edwin Chargaff conducted experiments that discovered the adsorption spectrum of the four DNA amino acids, and that the abundance of adenine was the same as thymine, and guanine was the same as cytosine.
This discovery led to the base pair theory of DNA assembly, which was essential to later solve the double-helix structure of DNA. From - , Beckman Instruments would produce over 30, Beckman DU Spectrophotometers, with a variety of attachments for specialized chemical analysis. The manufacturing facility for these instruments in Fullerton, CA included all of the glass blowing, circuit board assembly, and quartz optics polishing for the construction of the components necessary for manufacture of the instruments.
Below are some images of the facility in the s as well as a TV program series called "Success Stories" which featured Beckman Instruments in
0コメント