Consider what the purpose of the writing is. Are you writing to inform, evaluate, analyze, or convince? When writing anything, consider who is being addressed.
Audiences bring in their own perspectives, biases, experiences, and expectations, which can make writing for a particular audience very difficult. What are you writing about? The topic may be self-selected or assigned, but writers should try and find an angle that they are motivated to write about.
Writers, just like their audience, are influenced by a number of things, like their age, location, perspective, bias, culture, experiences, and expectations. Writers may need to consider if the traits they are bringing in may have a positive or negative outcome.
For example, even if someone is very passionate about stopping animal testing, to convince others, they may have to show restraint in expressing all of their personal views about people who test products on animals. If these are the people they must convince, no matter what the writer may personally feel, writers should avoid insulting or degrading their audience if they have a chance at motivating change.
The context describes the circumstances surrounding the writing which include the time when the text is written , location where is the text placed , events surrounding the writing, and the culture. Now we will look at a tweet to demonstrate how these features can be rhetorically analyzed. When conducting a rhetorical analysis, generally writers are asked to examine how a particular message is conveyed. This means looking at different aspects or parts of the media to determine the intended effect on the audience.
They are fun… Prizeo link to giveaway YouTube link about contest. The link to the YouTube video allows viewers to learn more about the contest while still adhering to the then character limit. When Miranda talks about seeing Hamilton with his parents, he is building a more personal relationship with his followers as he invites them to join his family. These three terms, along with kairos and telos , were used by Aristotle to help explain how rhetoric functions.
In ancient Greece, these terms corresponded with basic components that all rhetorical situations have. Rogerian Argument Joseph M. Moxley, Writing Commons A very extensive guide to the Rogerian Argument that emphasizes its practical uses in resolving disputes. The Toulmin method, based on the work of philosopher Stephen Toulmin, is one way of analyzing a text that we read, with an eye toward responding to that particular argument as in a writing assignment that asks us to respond and, ultimately, toward analyzing and improving the arguments we ourselves make.
What is Rogerian Argument? Writing CSU An introduction to Rogerian Arguments with a simple breakdown of how these arguments are often structured. Your audience may consist of people who may have differing needs and expectations. It is impossible to construct a successful argument by relying too much on one or two appeals while neglecting the others.
For example, another Greek philosopher and rhetorician Plato saw rhetoric as a means of discovering the truth, including personal truth, through dialog and discussion. According to Plato, rhetoric can be directed outward at readers or listeners , or inward at the writer him or herself. In the latter case, the purpose of rhetoric is to help the author discover something important about his or her own experience and life.
The third major rhetorical school of Ancient Greece whose views have profoundly influenced our understanding of rhetoric were the Sophists.
The Sophists were teachers of rhetoric for hire. The primary goal of their activities was to teach skills and strategies for effective speaking and writing. Many Sophists claimed that they could make anyone into an effective rhetorician. In their most extreme variety, Sophistic rhetoric claims that virtually anything could be proven if the rhetorician has the right skills.
The legacy of Sophistic rhetoric is controversial. Some scholars, including Plato himself, have accused the Sophists of bending ethical standards in order to achieve their goals, while others have praised them for promoting democracy and civic participation through argumentative discourse.
What do these various definitions of rhetoric have to do with research writing? Or, perhaps you did not understand very well whom your writing was supposed to appeal to. It is hard to commit to purposeless writing done for no one in particular. Purpose Good writing always serves a purpose.
Texts are created to persuade, entertain, inform, instruct, and so on. In a real writing situation, these discrete purposes are often combined. Recall any text you wrote, in or outside of school.
Think not only of school papers, but also of letters to relatives and friends, e-mails, shopping lists, online postings, and so on. Audience The second key element of the rhetorical approach to writing is audience-awareness. The key principles that every writer needs to follow in order to reach and affect his or her audience are as follows:.
Writing Activity: Analyzing Audience Every writer needs to consider his or her audience carefully when writing. Otherwise, you writing will be directed at no one in particular.
As a result, your purpose will become unclear and your work will lose its effectiveness. Identify any recent writing task that you faced. You may consider the writing task you applied in the first exercise. As with all the exploration activities included in this chapter, do not limit yourself to school writing assignments. Include letters, e-mails, notes, and any other kinds of writing you may do.
Exigence Exigence, or the need to convey a message, is an important pa rt of the rhetorical situation. It is a part of the writing context that was mentioned earlier in the chapter.
Writers do not work in a vacuum. Instead, the content, form and reception of their work by readers are heavily influenced by the conditions in society as well as by personal situations of their readers. These conditions in which texts are created and read affect every aspect of writing and every stage of the writing process, from topic selection, to decisions about what kinds of arguments used and their arrangement, to the writing style, voice, and persona which the writer wishes to project in his or her writing.
Exigence plays a role when student writers develop a topic or research question for an essay. Any topic can be good or bad. In order to understand whether a particular topic is suitable for a composition, it is useful to analyze whether the composition would address an issue or a rhetorical exigency when created. The writing activity below can help you select topics and issues for written arguments. To understand how writers can study and use exigence in order to make effective arguments, let us examine another ancient rhetorical concept.
Kairos is one of the most fascinating terms from classical rhetoric. It signifies the right or opportune moment for an argument to be made. It is such a moment or time when the subject of the argument is particularly urgent or important and when audiences are more likely to be persuaded by it. Ancient rhetoricians believed that if the moment for the argument is right, for instance if there are conditions in society which would make the audience more receptive to the argument, the rhetorician would have more success persuading such an audience.
For example, the war on terrorism has been an important issue over last several years, and this issue was one of the many topics of discussion during the presidential election.
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